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1 plurals

1a

×  churchs
√  churches

×  potatos
√  potatoes

We add –es to form the plural of words ending in -s /-sh / -ch / -x 
bus → buses, dish → dishes, sandwitch → sandwitches , box → boxes.

We also add -es to form the plural of words ending in -o
tomato → tomatoes , potato → potatoes

1b

×  Two lifes
√  Two lives

×  Two wifes
√  Two wives

Many words ending in -f or -fe change -f or -fe for -ves 
knife → knives, thief → thieves, loaf → loaves.

Note that there are 12 words in this group: calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sehaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf. Other words ending in -f or -fe add -s for the plural.
roof → roofs, safe → safes , cliff→ cliffs.

1c

×  Two partys
√  Two parties

Words ending in consonant + -y → yies
family → families, baby → babies, fly→ flies, etc.

Note that in words ending in vowel + y, -y does NOT change to -i
holiday → holidays, boy →  boys, etc.

 

2 words ending in -y

2a

×  he studys
√  he studies

×  she trys
√  she tries

In the present simple form (for he / she / it) verbs ending in consonant + -y → yies
study → studies, copy → copies , marry → marries, etc.

Note that in verbs ending in vowel + y, -y does NOT change to -i
play → plays, enjoy →  enjoys, buy → buys, etc.

2b

× he studyed
√ he studied

× she tryed
√ she tried

In the past simple form regular verbs ending in consonant + -y → yied
study → studied, copy → copied , marry → married, etc.

Note that in verbs ending in vowel + y, -y does NOT change to -i
play → played, enjoy →  enjoyed, stay → stayed, etc.

2c

× happyer 
√ happier

Adjectives ending in -y form the comparative and superlative forms changing -y → -ier / -iest
easy→ easier / the easiest, funny → funnier / the funniest, heavy → heavier / the heaviest, etc.

2d

× They danced happyly
√ They danced happily

Adjectives ending in -y form the adverbs → -ily
easy→ easily, lucky → luckily, heavy → heavily, etc.

 

 

3  -ing form

3a

×  makeing
√  making

×  danceing
√  dancing

×  writting
√  writing

Verbs ending in e → eing
come → coming, write → writing, dispute → disputing, etc.

3b

×  writting
√  writing

Verbs ending in e → eing
write → writing (we don’t double the t)

3c

×  lieing
√  lying

×  dieing
√  dying

Verbs ending in ie → ying
lie → lying, die → dying, tie → tying, etc.

3d

×  studing
√  studying

Verbs ending in y → ying
study → studying, party → partying, copy → copying, etc.